O PRIMOROSO ACÓRDÃO DO TRIBUNAL DE JUSTIÇA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO EVIDENCIA A INJUSTIÇA PRATICADA EM EXECUÇÕES DE HIPOTECAS NO ESTADO DE WASHINGTON USA
13ª Câmara de Direito Privado
Registro: 2022.0000097759
ACÓRDÃO
Vistos, relatados e discutidos estes autos de Apelação Cível nº 1015205-78.2019.8.26.0554, da Comarca de Santo André, em que é apelante LAERCIO PALADINI, é apelada SHIRLEI APARECIDA ALBANO LEITE (JUSTIÇA GRATUITA).
ACORDAM, em 13ª Câmara de Direito Privado do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo, proferir a seguinte decisão:
"Negaram provimento ao recurso. V. U.", de conformidade com o voto do Relator, que integra este acórdão.
O julgamento teve a participação dos Exmos. Desembargadores HERALDO DE OLIVEIRA (Presidente sem voto), NELSON JORGE JÚNIOR E CAUDURO PADIN.
São Paulo, 16 de fevereiro de 2022.
FRANCISCO GIAQUINTO RELATOR
Assinatura Eletrônica
VOTO Nº 36380
APEL. Nº: 1015205-78.2019.8.26.0554 COMARCA: SANTO ANDRÉ APTE.: LAÉRCIO PALADINI
APDA.: SHIRLEI APARECIDA ALBANO LEITE
Embargos à execução Execução de título extrajudicial Nota promissória (cópia digitalizada) Procedência Alegação de nulidade da sentença, por ausência de fundamentação Inocorrência Sentença fundamentada, preenchendo os requisitos do art. 489 do CPC Preliminar rejeitada
Extinção da execução por falta de título executivo certo, líquido e exigível
Falsidade da assinatura da embargante na nota promissória digitalizada (executada) constatada por perícia grafotécnica Nulidade da execução por falta de título executivo (art. 803, I, do CPC) Sentença mantida Adoção dos fundamentos da sentença pelo Tribunal Incidência do art. 252 do Regimento Interno do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo Recurso negado.
Trata-se de embargos à execução opostos por SHIRLEI APARECIDA ALBANO LEITE em face de LAÉRCIO PALADINI julgados procedentes, declarando nula a nota promissória, extinguindo a execução, condenando o embargado ao pagamento de custas, despesas processuais e honorários advocatícios fixados em 10% do valor da causa (fls. 452/456).
Apela o embargado (fls. 476/494) postulando concessão da justiça gratuita.
Alega não foi considerada a conclusão completa do perito.
A não exibição do título original contaminou a prova, restando prejudicada a análise da falsidade de assinatura. Enviou pelo correio a nota promissória, não comprovando a embargante o não recebimento.
Não foram considerados os fatos e provas dos autos, devendo ser reformada a
r. sentença.
Questiona a fundamentação da decisão, que não enfrentou todos os argumentos. Pugna pelo provimento do recurso.
Recurso regularmente processado e não respondido (fls. 560).
O embargado apelante se opôs ao julgamento virtual (fls. 564/567).
É o relatório.
VOTO.
Trata-se de execução de título extrajudicial movida pelo apelante em face da apelada, fundada em nota promissória, emitida em 15/11/2015, com vencimento para 25/04/2016, executando-se a importância de R$87.204,24 (fls. 33/38).
A embargante opôs embargos à execução, alegando falso o título executado, não reconhecendo a assinatura da nota promissória, postulando a extinção da execução.
O embargado não apresentou impugnação (fls. 183).
O Juiz determinou a realização de perícia grafotécnica (fls. 189).
Foi determinada a exibição original da nota promissória, manifestando-se o embargado apelante não estava na posse do título, enviado que fora à mãe da embargante diante do acordo proposto (fls. 339/340).
Foi elaborado laudo pericial (fls. 376/413).
O Juiz a quo julgou procedentes os embargos à execução por r. sentença apelada assim fundamentada:
“(...) A pretensão é procedente. Com efeito, muito embora o título executivo que embasou a execução principal (nota promissória de fls. 51/52) tenha sido firmado em nome da embargante, esta alega desconhecer referida cártula.
A fim de dirimir a controvérsia existente nos autos, o juízo determinou a realização de perícia grafotécnica, concluindo o “expert”:
“(...) 11. CONCLUSÃO Concluo em virtude dos exames efetuados que: 1º) na peça questionada de fls. 22/23 51/52 (Nota Promissória), constatou-se maior quantidade de divergências do que convergências no cotejo com os espécimes padronizados, evidenciando que as assinaturas não foram emanadas do punho gráfico da Sra. Shirlei Aparecida Albano Leite. (...)” Fls. 390.
Vale dizer que, em suas considerações finais, o expert destacou: “Tendo em vista que o original da Nota Promissória de fls. 22/23 e 51/52, não foram apresentados, resta ao perito, tecer algumas considerações sobre reprografias que, a princípio, não são adequadas para a instrução de exames documentoscópicos, pois o processo reprodutivo mascara alguns elementos característicos da individualidade gráfica, principalmente a pressão e evolução, detalhes de ataques e remates e profundidade dos sulcos.
Dentre algumas definições de grafoscopia, temos a que a define como observação do escrito, pelo que o Perito deve trabalhar com atenção e percepção ao efetuar a análise dos documentos que lhe são dados a periciar, entretanto, como já salientado a identificação de alguns erros independe de maiores conhecimentos, principalmente por parte de profissionais que constantemente efetuam conferência de assinaturas.
Analisando o documento questionado e a assinatura atribuída ao Sr. Gessiel Garcia Campos, constatou-se a ocorrência de falsificação gráfica.
São cinco os tipos de falsificações gráficas:
a. Sem imitação;
b. De memória;
c. Por imitação servil, ou com modelo à vista;
d. Por decalque Direto e Indireto;
e. Por imitação livre ou exercitada.
No caso em questão, ocorreu falsificação por imitação servil ou com modelo a vista.” fls.
Em suma, diante da conclusão pericial, e da ausência de apresentação da via original do documento, dessume-se que não foi a embargante que assinou a nota promissória.
O que se dessume, portanto, é que a cártula apresentada pelo exequente é nula, pois desprovida de autenticidade, razão pela qual é de rigor a extinção da execução principal. Diante do exposto, julgo procedente os embargos para declarar nula a nota promissória falsamente firmada em nome da autora (fls. 51/52), e consequentemente extinguir a execução nº 1026063- 15.2018.8.26.0348.
Translade-se cópia desta decisão para os autos principais. Diante da sucumbência, condeno o embargado ao pagamento das custas, despesas processuais, bem como honorários advocatícios do patrono da parte autora, que fixo em 10% sobre o valor da causa.
Transitada este julgado e nada sendo requerido em trinta dias, arquivem-se os autos com as observações legais. P.R.I.C.”
Inicialmente, defiro a justiça gratuita ao embargado postulada em
apelação.
A alegação de hipossuficiência financeira possui presunção relativa e cede na hipótese do Juiz encontrar elementos que não autorizem a concessão da justiça gratuita. Não há provas que impeçam a concessão do benefício diante da prova produzida.
O embargado juntou documentos evidenciando as dificuldades financeiras enfrentadas, sendo isento de exibir a declaração de renda (fls. 497/556).
Demonstrada, portanto, a frágil situação econômica do embargado, concede-se a justiça gratuita.
Rejeita-se a tese de nulidade da r. sentença apelada por ausência de
fundamentação.
O Magistrado analisou as provas documentais produzidas e a matéria de direito, expondo de forma articulada os fundamentos pelos quais julgou procedentes os embargos, preenchendo todos os requisitos previstos no art. 489 do Código de Processo Civil, afastando qualquer alegação de afronta ao art. 93, IX, da Constituição Federal.
Eventual má apreciação das provas ou interpretação da lei aplicável ao caso concreto não leva à nulidade da sentença, até porque “a livre apreciação da prova, desde que a decisão seja fundamentada, considerada a lei e os elementos existentes nos autos, é um dos cânones do nosso sistema processual" (REsp nº 7.870/SP. 4ª Turma. Rel. Min. Sálvio de Figueiredo Teixeira. DJ de 3.2.1992).
Ressalte-se entendimento assente em nossa jurisprudência que o órgão judicial, para expressar sua convicção, não precisa aduzir comentários sobre todos os argumentos levantados pelas partes. Sua fundamentação pode ser sucinta, pronunciando-se acerca do motivo que, por si só, achar suficiente para a composição do litígio (STJ 1ª Turma Ag. Reg. 169.073 SP Rel. Min. José Delgado DJU de 17/08/98 p.44).
No mérito, nega-se provimento ao recurso.
A r. sentença deu adequada solução à lide, devendo ser mantida por seus próprios e bem lançados fundamentos, que ficam integralmente adotados para o desprovimento do recurso, conforme permitido pelo art. 252 do Regimento Interno deste Egrégio Tribunal de Justiça.
Reza o art. 252 do RITJ:
"Nos recursos em geral, o relator poderá limitar-se a ratificar os fundamentos da decisão recorrida, quando, suficientemente motivada, houver de mantê- la".
Possível, assim, o exame do recurso quanto ao tema abordado pelo recorrente, com a ratificação expressa dos fundamentos da sentença.
A execução vem embasada em nota promissória digitalizada, no valor de R$ 50.000,00 (cinquenta mil reais), pretensamente emitida pela embargante, emitida em 15/11/2015, com vencimento em 25/04/2016 (fls. 22/23).
O laudo pericial grafotécnico reconheceu a falsidade da assinatura da embargante apelada (fls. 376/413), acarretando a nulidade do título executivo (nota promissória).
Assim, a execução não se encontra aparelhada em título dotado de certeza, liquidez e exigibilidade, por constatada a falsidade da assinatura da embargante apelada na nota promissória.
Reza o art. 803, I, do CPC: “É nula a execução se: I - o título executivo extrajudicial não corresponder a obrigação certa, líquida e exigível”
Nesse cenário, a ausência dos requisitos essenciais à formação do título executivo enseja a nulidade da execução.
Anota Daniel Amorim Assumpção Neves: “É certo que sem título executivo não há execução, mas sua existência não garante ao credor o acesso à execução, sendo indispensável que a obrigação contida no título seja certa, líquida e exigível. A ausência de qualquer um desses requisitos da obrigação contida no título inviabiliza a pretensão executiva, gerando a extinção do processo de execução. Não por falta de título de título executivo, mas por falta de requisitos formais da obrigação que se pretende executar”. (Novo Código de Processo Civil Comentado, Salvados: Ed. Jus Podivm, 2016, p. 1273).
No mesmo sentido, preleciona Cândido Rangel Dinamarco sobre o tema: “Sob a rubrica dos requisitos necessários para realizar qualquer execução, o Código de Processo Civil enuncia duas exigências fundamentais, que são a do inadimplemento e a do título executivo (arts 580 ss). Aí reside a manifestação 'in executivis' dos dois elementos indicadores do interesse de agir, porque sem inadimplemento nenhum tutela jurisdicional teria razão de ser e sem título executivo a tutela executiva não é adequada (sobre o binômio necessidade-adequação, v. supra, n. 544)” (Instituições de Direito Processual Civil, vol. IV, n. 1.352, pág. 85, Malheiros Editores, 2009).
Ao contrário do que sustenta o embargado apelante, o fato de realizada a perícia grafotécnica em cópia digitalizada da nota promissória não compromete a conclusão da falsidade da assinatura da embargante apelada na nota promissória.
O laudo pericial expressamente concluiu que “constatou-se maior quantidade de divergências do que convergências no cotejo com os espécimes padronizados, evidenciando que as assinaturas não foram emanadas do punho gráfico da Sra. Shirlei Aparecida Albano Leite” (fls. 390).
Mesmo que exibida a nota promissória original, o resultado da perícia não seria alterado, tendo em vista a patente falsidade dos dados do registro civil constante da nota promissória, com anotação da ruptura do selo de autenticidade, a assinatura aposta na etiqueta de reconhecimento da firma não pertence a escrevente Aryana, o selo é de numeração utilizada no ano de 2010 além de não possuir a embargante Shirlei ficha de assinaturas na serventia do registro civil (fls. 388).
Tais circunstâncias evidenciam a falsificação da assinatura da embargante na nota promissória executada.
Não bastasse, a responsabilidade pela exibição da nota promissória original e demonstrar a autenticidade da assinatura no título era do embargado apelante, que produziu o documento (art. 429, II, do CPC).
Conquanto tenha alegado o embargado o envio pelo correio da nota promissória para a mãe da embargante (Alice), tal fato não restou comprovado.
Além de negado pela embargante o recebimento da NP original, esclareceu foi recebido no endereço de sua mãe um envelope “com três folhas de sulfite em branco”(fls. 258/259).
Como bem pontuado na r. sentença não poderia a embargante fazer prova negativa de que não recebeu a NP original.
De qualquer forma, ficou bem evidenciado a falsidade da assinatura da embargante na nota promissória digitalizada juntada pelo próprio embargado.
Assim, não se pode considerar válida a nota promissória, sendo nulo o título, impossibilitando o prosseguimento da execução.
Nesse sentido:
“JUSTIÇA GRATUITA Requisitos legais previstos no artigo 98 do Código de Processo Civil e no artigo 5°, inciso LXXIV, da Constituição Federal Preenchimento Necessidade para concessão da gratuidade processual: Diante do preenchimento dos requisitos legais previstos no artigo 98 do Código de Processo Civil e no artigo 5°, inciso LXXIV, da Constituição Federal, admite-se a concessão do benefício da gratuidade processual.
EMBARGOS À EXECUÇÃO Cédula de Crédito Bancário- Incidente de Falsidade Assinatura Falsa- Ocorrência- Nulidade do Título de Crédito- Procedência dos Embargos à Execução e Extinção da Ação Executiva -
Necessidade:
É de rigor a procedência dos embargos à execução para julgar extinta a ação executiva, cujo título executivo foi objeto de perícia grafotécnica em Incidente de Falsidade, em que se apurou ser falsa a assinatura do devedor ali aposta, o que é causa de desconstituição do título executivo, por ser dotado de nulidade. RECURSO PROVIDO.” (Apelação Cível 1001707-78.2016.8.26.0566; Relator (a): Nelson Jorge Júnior; Órgão Julgador: 13ª Câmara de Direito Privado; Foro de São Carlos - 2ª Vara Cível; Data do Julgamento: 31/08/)
"APELAÇÃO ASSISTÊNCIA JUDICIÁRIA CURADOR ESPECIAL Ausente
demonstração da existência dos pressupostos legais para a concessão do benefício da assistência judiciária gratuita em favor do apelante, citado por edital Ausente a juntada de documentos que fizessem presumir a insuficiência de recursos Benefício negado Curador Especial, contudo, que desempenha função delegada pelo Estado em nome de ausentes, não devendo, portanto, ser-lhe exigido o recolhimento de custas judiciais Recurso conhecido, independentemente do recolhimento do preparo". "PRELIMINAR EM CONTRARRAZÕES AUSÊNCIA DE IMPUGNAÇÃO
ESPECÍFICA Reconhecido que as razões recursais impugnam especificamente os fundamentos da r. sentença, ainda que reproduzindo trechos da petição inicial dos embargos à execução Inaplicabilidade do art. 932, III, do NCPC Preliminar em contrarrazões do embargado não acolhida". "EMBARGOS À EXECUÇÃO - CÉDULA DE CRÉDITO BANCÁRIO ABERTURA DE CRÉDITO ROTATIVO - INADEQUAÇÃO DA VIA ELEITA - EXTINÇÃO DA AÇÃO - AUSÊNCIA DE
CERTEZA, LIQUIDEZ E EXIGIBILIDADE
I Sentença de improcedência Recurso do embargante
II - Hipótese em que a Cédula de Crédito Bancário não traz uma promessa de pagamento, em dinheiro, líquida, certa e exigível, na data de seu vencimento - Inobstante o nomem juris do contrato, sua natureza jurídica e demais características indicam se tratar de um contrato de abertura de crédito Limite de crédito disponibilizado ao correntista para uso oportuno que torna necessária a apuração por meio de extratos da conta corrente em que os montantes foram movimentados Contrato de abertura de conta corrente que não é título executivo extrajudicial, não preenchendo os requisitos do art. 783 do NCPC, sendo, portanto, inábil para instruir execução - Passível de ajuizamento, no entanto, da monitória, desde que instruída com prova escrita sem eficácia de título executivo Inteligência das Súmulas 233 e 247 do C. STJ Não preenchidos os requisitos necessários ao ajuizamento da ação de execução Nulidade reconhecida, nos termos do art. 803, inciso I, do NCPC - Precedentes deste E. TJ Embargos à execução procedentes Sentença reformada - Ação de execução julgada extinta, sem resolução do mérito, nos termos do art. 485, inciso VI, do NCPC Ônus sucumbenciais invertidos Prejudicada a análise das demais matérias do apelo - Apelo provido" (Apelação Cível 1002858-04.2019.8.26.0363; Relator (a): Salles Vieira; Órgão Julgador: 24ª Câmara de Direito Privado; Foro de Mogi Mirim - 1ª Vara; Data do Julgamento);
APELAÇÃO Embargos à execução Sentença que acolheu os embargos para extinguir a execução Execução fundada em nota promissória Laudo pericial que atestou a falsidade da assinatura aposta na cártula Documento que carece de pressupostos formais Inteligência do art. 75 do Decreto Lei 57.663/66 Ausência de liquidez, certeza e exigibilidade A nota promissória que embasa a execução não dá azo a autêntico título de crédito - Vício formal que pode ser oponível até mesmo perante terceiros de boa-fé - Precedente desta Câmara - RECURSO DESPROVIDO. (Apelação Cível 1000550-24.2018.8.26.0300; Relator (a): Jonize Sacchi de Oliveira; Órgão Julgador: 24ª Câmara de Direito Privado; Foro de Jardinópolis - 2ª Vara; Data do Julgamento: 29/07/2021)
“Embargos à Execução - Nota Promissória Alegação de que a assinatura lançada no título não partiu do punho do embargante Perícia judicial grafotécnica apurou a falsidade da assinatura do emitente do título - Alegações genéricas, pelo embargado, de que deveriam ser utilizados outros padrões de confronto - Laudo subsiste, por ser coerente e idôneo, e ter sido realizado por profissional habilitado de confiança do Juízo, equidistante das partes, inexistindo qualquer outra prova hábil pelo embargado - Nulidade do título corretamente reconhecida Procedência dos embargos
- Sentença mantida Ratificação do julgado Possibilidade Art. 252 do Regimento Interno do TJSP RECURSO NÃO PROVIDO.” (Apelação Cível 1000609-52.2018.8.26.0416;
Relator (a): Spencer Almeida Ferreira; Órgão Julgador: 38ª Câmara de Direito Privado; Foro de Panorama - 1ª Vara Judicial; Data do Julgamento: 19/11/2020);
Embargos à Execução - Nota Promissória Alegação de que a assinatura lançada no título não partiu do punho do embargante Perícia judicial grafotécnica apurou a falsidade da assinatura do emitente do título - Alegações genéricas, pelo embargado, de que deveriam ser utilizados outros padrões de confronto - Laudo subsiste, por ser coerente e idôneo, e ter sido realizado por profissional habilitado de confiança do Juízo, equidistante das partes, inexistindo qualquer outra prova hábil pelo embargado - Nulidade do título corretamente reconhecida Procedência dos embargos
- Sentença mantida Ratificação do julgado Possibilidade Art. 252 do Regimento Interno do TJSP RECURSO NÃO PROVIDO. (Apelação Cível 1000609-52.2018.8.26.0416;
Relator (a): Spencer Almeida Ferreira; Órgão Julgador: 38ª Câmara de Direito Privado; Foro de Panorama - 1ª Vara Judicial; Data do Julgamento: 19/11/2020)
“EMBARGOS À EXECUÇÃO. Sentença de improcedência. Insurgência do embargante. Possibilidade. ILEGITIMIDADE PASSIVA. O laudo pericial foi claro no sentido de que a assinatura do embargante avalista era falsa. Banco apelado que sequer se manifestou a respeito. Reconhecida a falsidade da assinatura do avalista embargante, resta
contaminado o título com relação a ele, uma vez que o vício compromete a validade da relação jurídica documentada. Extinção da execução em relação ao avalista-suscitante, por ilegitimidade passiva ad causam. Sentença reformada. Recurso provido.” (Apelação Cível 1008536-15.2016.8.26.0586; Relator (a): Helio Faria; Órgão Julgador: 18ª Câmara de Direito Privado; Foro de São Roque - 1ª Vara Cível; Data do Julgamento: 18/11/2020);
“Apelação Cível. Embargos à execução. Sentença de procedência. Inconformismo da embargada. Alegação de cerceamento de defesa. Inocorrência. Desnecessidade de nova perícia. Juiz como destinatário da prova, podendo formar sua convicção com outros elementos ou fatos provados nos autos. Contraditório plenamente garantido às partes. Título exequendo que não foi assinado pelos embargantes. Falsidade da assinatura lançada no contrato exequendo e confirmada por perícia grafotécnica. Sentença mantida. Honorários advocatícios majorados pelo insucesso do recurso. Recurso não provido.” (Apelação Cível 1005066-13.2015.8.26.0100; Relator (a): Hélio Nogueira; Órgão Julgador: 23ª Câmara de Direito Privado; Foro Central Cível - 1ª Vara Cível; Data do Julgamento: 28/10/2020).
Logo, a r. sentença recorrida não comporta censura, sendo mantida por seus próprios e jurídicos fundamentos.
Por tais fundamentos, caso de ratificação dos fundamentos da decisão recorrida para mantê-la, nos termos do art. 252 do RITJ, negando-se provimento ao recurso.
FRANCISCO GIAQUINTO RELATOR
(grifos nossos)
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
By IA GEMINI
O documento que você forneceu é um acórdão, ou seja, uma decisão de segunda instância, do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo. Ele se refere a um recurso de apelação no processo nº 1015205-78.2019.8.26.0554, da Comarca de Santo André, entre Laercio Paladini (apelante) e Shirlei Aparecida Albano Leite (apelada).
O acórdão confirma a decisão anterior (sentença) que julgou procedentes os embargos à execução apresentados pela Sra. Shirlei.
A execução havia sido proposta pelo Sr. Laercio com base em uma nota promissória.
A decisão manteve a nulidade da nota promissória, pois a perícia grafotécnica constatou que a assinatura da Sra. Shirlei era falsa.
A tradução literal para o inglês do documento é a seguinte:
ITEM 2 -
Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo
Record: 2022.0000097759
RULING
Seen, reported, and discussed these records of Civil Appeal nº 1015205-78.2019.8.26.0554, from the Santo André District, in which the appellant is LAERCIO PALADINI, and the appellee is SHIRLEI APARECIDA ALBANO LEITE (FREE JUSTICE).
AGREE, in the 13th Chamber of Private Law of the Court of Justice of São Paulo, to deliver the following decision: "They denied the appeal. U. V.", in conformity with the vote of the Rapporteur, which integrates this ruling.
The judgment had the participation of the Hon. Justices HERALDO DE OLIVEIRA (President without vote), NELSON JORGE JÚNIOR AND CAUDURO PADIN.
São Paulo, February 16, 2022.
FRANCISCO GIAQUINTO RAPPORTEUR
Electronic Signature
VOTE Nº 36380
APPEAL Nº: 1015205-78.2019.8.26.0554 DISTRICT: SANTO ANDRÉ APPELLANT: LAÉRCIO PALADINI
APPELLEE: SHIRLEI APARECIDA ALBANO LEITE
Execution embargos – Execution of extrajudicial title – Promissory note (scanned copy) – Procedural success – Allegation of nullity of the sentence, for lack of grounds – Does not occur – Sentence grounded, fulfilling the requirements of article 489 of the CPC – Preliminary rejected – Extinction of the execution for lack of a certain, liquid and enforceable executive title – Forgery of the embargant’s signature on the scanned promissory note (executed) confirmed by graphotechnical expertise – Nullity of the execution for lack of executive title (art. 803, I, of the CPC) – Sentence maintained – Adoption of the sentence’s grounds by the Court – Application of article 252 of the Internal Regulations of the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo – Appeal denied.
This is an execution embargo filed by SHIRLEI APARECIDA ALBANO LEITE against LAÉRCIO PALADINI, which was successful, declaring the promissory note null, extinguishing the execution, condemning the defendant to pay costs, procedural expenses and lawyer's fees fixed at 10% of the value of the cause (pages 452/456).
The defendant appeals (pages 476/494) requesting the granting of free justice. He alleges that the expert's complete conclusion was not considered. The non-exhibition of the original title contaminated the evidence, and the analysis of the signature's forgery was impaired. He sent the promissory note by mail, and the embargant did not prove non-receipt. The facts and evidence in the records were not considered, and the honorable sentence should be reformed. He questions the grounds of the decision, which did not address all the arguments. He pleads for the appeal to be granted.
Appeal duly processed and not answered (page 560).
The appellant defendant objected to the virtual trial (pages 564/567).
This is the report.
VOTE.
This is an execution of an extrajudicial title filed by the appellant against the appellee, based on a promissory note, issued on 11/15/2015, with maturity on 04/25/2016, executing the amount of R$87,204.24 (pages 33/38).
The embargant filed execution embargos, alleging that the executed title was forged, not recognizing the signature on the promissory note, and requesting the extinction of the execution.
The defendant did not present an impugnation (page 183).
The Judge ordered a graphotechnical expertise to be carried out (page 189).
The original promissory note was ordered to be exhibited, and the appellant defendant stated that he was not in possession of the title, which had been sent to the embargant's mother due to the proposed agreement (pages 339/340).
An expert report was prepared (pages 376/413).
The Juiz a quo (Judge below) granted the execution embargos, with the appealed honorable sentence being grounded as follows:
"(...) The claim is successful. Indeed, although the executive title that grounded the main execution (promissory note on pages 51/52) was signed in the embargant's name, she claims to be unaware of the referred note. To resolve the existing controversy in the records, the court ordered a graphotechnical expertise, with the 'expert' concluding: '(...) 11. CONCLUSION I conclude, due to the examinations carried out, that: 1st) in the questioned piece on pages 22/23 51/52 (Promissory Note), a greater number of divergences than convergences was found in comparison with the standardized specimens, showing that the signatures were not emanated from the graphic hand of Mrs. Shirlei Aparecida Albano Leite. (...)’ page 390.
It is worth mentioning that, in his final considerations, the expert highlighted: 'Considering that the original Promissory Note from pages 22/23 and 51/52 were not presented, the expert is left to make some considerations about reprographies which, in principle, are not suitable for instructing documentoscopic examinations, as the reproductive process masks some characteristic elements of graphic individuality, especially pressure and evolution, details of attacks and finishes and the depth of the grooves. Among some definitions of graphoscopy, we have the one that defines it as the observation of the writing, so the Expert must work with attention and perception when carrying out the analysis of the documents given to him to be expertly examined, however, as already pointed out, the identification of some errors is independent of greater knowledge, especially on the part of professionals who constantly carry out signature conferences. Analyzing the questioned document and the signature attributed to Mr. Gessiel Garcia Campos, the occurrence of graphic forgery was found. There are five types of graphic forgeries: a. Without imitation; b. From memory; c. By servile imitation, or with a model in sight; d. By direct and indirect tracing; e. By free or practiced imitation. In the case in question, forgery occurred by servile imitation or with a model in sight.' page 389. In this sense, it is noted that there was no examination of the original impugned document, only of the scanned copy on pages 51/52, which occurred due to the fault of the defendant, since he had the burden of demonstrating the veracity of the document that grounded the extrajudicial title execution proposed by him, in accordance with what is expressly stated in article 429, item II of the CPC, also because the embargant cannot be required to provide evidence of a negative fact. In short, given the expert conclusion, and the absence of presentation of the original copy of the document, it is inferred that it was not the embargant who signed the promissory note. In this sense, the Hon. Court of Justice has already decided in similar cases, namely: [...]
What is inferred, therefore, is that the note presented by the plaintiff is null, as it lacks authenticity, which is why it is necessary to extinguish the main execution. Given the above, I grant the embargos to declare the promissory note falsely signed in the author's name (pages 51/52) null, and consequently extinguish the execution nº 1026063-15.2018.8.26.0348. A copy of this decision shall be transferred to the main records. Given the defeat, I condemn the defendant to pay the costs, procedural expenses, as well as the lawyer's fees for the author's lawyer, which I set at 10% of the value of the cause. When this judgment becomes final and nothing is requested in thirty days, the records shall be archived with the legal observations. P.R.I.C.”
Initially, I grant the free justice to the defendant requested in the appeal.
The allegation of financial hardship has a relative presumption and yields in the event that the Judge finds elements that do not authorize the granting of free justice. There is no evidence that prevents the granting of the benefit in view of the evidence produced.
The defendant attached documents showing the financial difficulties faced, being exempt from exhibiting the income statement (pages 497/556).
Therefore, the fragile economic situation of the defendant is demonstrated, and free justice is granted.
The thesis of nullity of the appealed honorable sentence for lack of grounds is rejected.
The Magistrate analyzed the documentary evidence produced and the matter of law, exposing in an articulated way the grounds for which he granted the embargos, fulfilling all the requirements provided for in article 489 of the Civil Procedure Code, warding off any allegation of violation of article 93, IX, of the Federal Constitution.
Any poor appreciation of the evidence or interpretation of the law applicable to the specific case does not lead to the nullity of the sentence, because “the free appreciation of the evidence, as long as the decision is grounded, considering the law and the elements existing in the records, is one of the canons of our procedural system" (REsp nº 7.870/SP. 4th Panel. Rapporteur. Min. Sálvio de Figueiredo Teixeira. DJ of 3.2.1992).
It should be noted that it is a settled understanding in our jurisprudence that the judicial body, to express its conviction, does not need to make comments on all the arguments raised by the parties. Its grounds can be succinct, pronouncing on the reason that, by itself, it finds sufficient for the composition of the dispute (STJ 1st Panel Ag. Reg. 169.073 SP Rapporteur. Min. José Delgado DJU of 08/17/98 p.44).
On the merits, the appeal is denied.
The honorable sentence gave an adequate solution to the dispute, and must be maintained by its own and well-written grounds, which are fully adopted for the denial of the appeal, as permitted by article 252 of the Internal Regulations of this Hon. Court of Justice.
Article 252 of the RITJ states:
"In appeals in general, the rapporteur may limit himself to ratifying the grounds of the appealed decision, when, sufficiently motivated, he must maintain it".
Thus, the examination of the appeal regarding the topic addressed by the appellant is possible, with the express ratification of the grounds of the sentence.
The execution is based on a scanned promissory note, in the amount of R$ 50,000.00 (fifty thousand reais), supposedly issued by the embargant, issued on 11/15/2015, with maturity on 04/25/2016 (pages 22/23).
The graphotechnical expert report recognized the forgery of the signature of the appealed embargant (pages 376/413), leading to the nullity of the executive title (promissory note).
Thus, the execution is not supported by a title endowed with certainty, liquidity, and enforceability, due to the confirmed forgery of the appealed embargant's signature on the promissory note.
Article 803, I, of the CPC states: “The execution is null if: I - the extrajudicial executive title does not correspond to a certain, liquid and enforceable obligation”.
In this scenario, the absence of the essential requirements for the formation of the executive title leads to the nullity of the execution.
Daniel Amorim Assumpção Neves notes: “It is certain that without an executive title there is no execution, but its existence does not guarantee the creditor access to execution, and it is essential that the obligation contained in the title is certain, liquid and enforceable. The absence of any of these requirements of the obligation contained in the title makes the executive claim unviable, leading to the extinction of the execution process. Not for lack of an executive title, but for lack of formal requirements of the obligation that is intended to be executed”. (New Commented Code of Civil Procedure, Salvados: Ed. Jus Podivm, 2016, p. 1273).
In the same vein, Cândido Rangel Dinamarco teaches on the topic: “Under the rubric of the necessary requirements to carry out any execution, the Code of Civil Procedure enunciates two fundamental requirements, which are non-compliance and the executive title (arts 580 ff). This is where the 'in executivis' manifestation of the two elements indicating the interest to act lies, because without non-compliance no jurisdictional protection would have a reason to be and without an executive title the executive protection is not adequate (on the need-adequacy binomial, see above, n. 544)” (Institutions of Civil Procedural Law, vol. IV, n. 1.352, p. 85, Malheiros Editores, 2009).
Contrary to what the appealed defendant claims, the fact that the graphotechnical expertise was carried out on a scanned copy of the promissory note does not compromise the conclusion of the forgery of the signature of the appealed embargant on the promissory note.
The expert report expressly concluded that “a greater number of divergences than convergences was found in comparison with the standardized specimens, showing that the signatures were not emanated from the graphic hand of Mrs. Shirlei Aparecida Albano Leite” (page 390).
Even if the original promissory note had been exhibited, the result of the expertise would not be altered, given the obvious forgery of the civil registration data on the promissory note, with a note of the rupture of the authenticity seal, the signature affixed to the firm recognition label does not belong to the clerk Aryana, the seal is of a numbering used in the year 2010 and the embargant Shirlei does not have a signature file in the civil registry office (page 388).
These circumstances show the forgery of the embargant's signature on the executed promissory note.
Furthermore, the responsibility for exhibiting the original promissory note and demonstrating the authenticity of the signature on the title was the appealed defendant's, who produced the document (art. 429, II, of the CPC).
Although the defendant alleged sending the promissory note by mail to the embargant's mother (Alice), this fact was not proven. In addition to the embargant denying receiving the original NP, she clarified that an envelope “with three blank sheets of paper” was received at her mother's address (pages 258/259).
As correctly pointed out in the honorable sentence, the embargant could not provide negative evidence that she did not receive the original NP.
In any case, the forgery of the embargant's signature on the scanned promissory note attached by the defendant himself was well-evidenced.
Thus, the promissory note cannot be considered valid, and the title is null, making the continuation of the execution impossible.
In this sense:
“FREE JUSTICE - Legal requirements provided for in article 98 of the Civil Procedure Code and in article 5, item LXXIV, of the Federal Constitution - Fulfillment - Necessity for granting procedural gratuity: Given the fulfillment of the legal requirements provided for in article 98 of the Civil Procedure Code and in article 5, item LXXIV, of the Federal Constitution, the granting of the benefit of procedural gratuity is permitted. EMBARGOS TO EXECUTION - Bank Credit Note - Forgery Incident - False Signature - Occurrence - Nullity of the Credit Title - Procedural success of the Embargos to Execution and Extinction of the Executive Action - Necessity: It is necessary for the embargos to execution to be successful to declare the executive action extinct, whose executive title was the object of graphotechnical expertise in a Forgery Incident, in which the debtor's signature affixed there was found to be false, which is a cause for the deconstitution of the executive title, as it is endowed with nullity. APPEAL GRANTED.” (Civil Appeal 1001707-78.2016.8.26.0566; Rapporteur: Nelson Jorge Júnior; Ruling Body: 13th Chamber of Private Law; São Carlos Court - 2nd Civil Court; Date of Judgment: 08/31/)
"APPEAL - JUDICIAL ASSISTANCE - SPECIAL CURATOR - Absence of demonstration of the existence of the legal prerequisites for the granting of the benefit of free judicial assistance in favor of the appellant, cited by public notice - Absence of attachment of documents that would make the insufficiency of resources presumed - Benefit denied - Special Curator, however, who performs a function delegated by the State on behalf of absentees, and should not, therefore, be required to pay judicial costs - Appeal known, regardless of the collection of the preparation". "PRELIMINARY IN COUNTER-ARGUMENTS - ABSENCE OF SPECIFIC IMPUGNATION - It is recognized that the appeal reasons specifically impugn the grounds of the honorable sentence, even if reproducing excerpts from the initial petition of the embargos to execution - Inapplicability of article 932, III, of the NCPC - Preliminary in the counter-arguments of the defendant not granted". "EMBARGOS TO EXECUTION - BANK CREDIT NOTE - ROTATING CREDIT OPENING - INADEQUACY OF THE CHOSEN PATH - EXTINCTION OF THE ACTION - LACK OF CERTAINTY, LIQUIDITY, AND ENFORCEABILITY - I - Judgment of improcedency - Appeal from the embargant - II - Case in which the Bank Credit Note does not bring a promise of payment, in money, liquid, certain, and enforceable, on its maturity date - Despite the nomem juris of the contract, its legal nature and other characteristics indicate that it is a revolving credit agreement - Credit limit made available to the account holder for opportune use that makes it necessary to ascertain through bank statements in which the amounts were moved - Current account opening contract that is not an extrajudicial executive title, not fulfilling the requirements of article 783 of the NCPC, and is, therefore, unable to instruct an execution - However, it is possible to file a monitória, as long as it is instructed with written evidence without the effectiveness of an executive title - Intelligence of Súmulas 233 and 247 of the Hon. STJ - The necessary requirements for filing the execution action are not met - Nullity recognized, under the terms of article 803, item I, of the NCPC - Precedents of this Hon. TJ - Embargos to execution successful - Reformed sentence - Executive action declared extinct, without resolution of the merit, under the terms of article 485, item VI, of the NCPC - Procedural burden reversed - The analysis of the other matters of the appeal is prejudiced - Appeal granted" (Civil Appeal 1002858-04.2019.8.26.0363; Rapporteur: Salles Vieira; Ruling Body: 24th Chamber of Private Law; Mogi Mirim Court - 1st Court; Date of Judgment);
APPEAL - Embargos to execution - Sentence that granted the embargos to extinguish the execution - Execution based on a promissory note - Expert report that attested to the forgery of the signature affixed to the note - Document that lacks formal prerequisites - Intelligence of article 75 of Decree-Law 57.663/66 - Lack of liquidity, certainty, and enforceability - The promissory note that grounds the execution does not give rise to an authentic credit title - Formal defect that can even be opposed to good-faith third parties - Precedent of this Chamber - APPEAL DENIED. (Civil Appeal 1000550-24.2018.8.26.0300; Rapporteur: Jonize Sacchi de Oliveira; Ruling Body: 24th Chamber of Private Law; Jardinópolis Court - 2nd Court; Date of Judgment: 07/29/2021)
“Embargos to Execution - Promissory Note - Allegation that the signature placed on the title did not come from the embargant's hand - Judicial graphotechnical expertise found the forgery of the signature of the title's issuer - Generic allegations, by the defendant, that other confrontation standards should be used - The report subsists, as it is coherent and suitable, and was carried out by a qualified professional trusted by the Court, equidistant from the parties, with no other capable evidence by the defendant - Nullity of the title correctly recognized - Procedural success of the embargos - Sentence maintained - Ratification of the judgment - Possibility - Article 252 of the Internal Regulations of the TJSP - APPEAL NOT GRANTED.” (Civil Appeal 1000609-52.2018.8.26.0416;
Rapporteur: Spencer Almeida Ferreira; Ruling Body: 38th Chamber of Private Law; Panorama Court - 1st Judicial Court; Date of Judgment: 11/19/2020);
Embargos to Execution - Promissory Note - Allegation that the signature placed on the title did not come from the embargant's hand - Judicial graphotechnical expertise found the forgery of the signature of the title's issuer - Generic allegations, by the defendant, that other confrontation standards should be used - The report subsists, as it is coherent and suitable, and was carried out by a qualified professional trusted by the Court, equidistant from the parties, with no other capable evidence by the defendant - Nullity of the title correctly recognized - Procedural success of the embargos - Sentence maintained - Ratification of the judgment - Possibility - Article 252 of the Internal Regulations of the TJSP - APPEAL NOT GRANTED. (Civil Appeal 1000609-52.2018.8.26.0416;
Rapporteur: Spencer Almeida Ferreira; Ruling Body: 38th Chamber of Private Law; Panorama Court - 1st Judicial Court; Date of Judgment: 11/19/2020)
“EMBARGOS TO EXECUTION. Judgment of improcedency. Insurgency of the embargant. Possibility. PASSIVE ILLEGITIMACY. The expert report was clear that the signature of the guarantor embargant was false. The appealed Bank did not even comment on it. Having recognized the forgery of the signature of the guarantor embargant, the title is contaminated with regard to him, since the defect compromises the validity of the documented legal relationship. Extinction of the execution in relation to the guarantor-challenger, due to passive illegitimacy ad causam. Reformed sentence. Appeal granted.” (Civil Appeal 1008536-15.2016.8.26.0586; Rapporteur: Helio Faria; Ruling Body: 18th Chamber of Private Law; São Roque Court - 1st Civil Court; Date of Judgment: 11/18/2020);
“Civil Appeal. Embargos to execution. Judgment of procedural success. Inconformity of the defendant. Allegation of denial of defense. Does not occur. Unnecessary new expertise. Judge as the recipient of the evidence, who can form his conviction with other elements or facts proven in the records. Contradiction fully guaranteed to the parties. Executive title that was not signed by the embargants. Forgery of the signature placed on the executive contract and confirmed by graphotechnical expertise. Sentence maintained. Lawyer's fees increased due to the failure of the appeal. Appeal not granted.” (Civil Appeal 1005066-13.2015.8.26.0100; Rapporteur: Hélio Nogueira; Ruling Body: 23rd Chamber of Private Law; Central Civil Court - 1st Civil Court; Date of Judgment: 10/28/2020).
Therefore, the appealed honorable sentence does not deserve censure, being maintained by its own and legal grounds.
For these grounds, it is a case of ratification of the grounds of the appealed decision to maintain it, under the terms of article 252 of the RITJ, denying the appeal.
FRANCISCO GIAQUINTO RAPPORTEUR
ITEM 3 - IA GEMINI ANALYSIS
Comparative Analysis of Frauds in Non-Judicial Mortgage Foreclosures: Perspectives from Brazilian and North American Law
1. Introduction
Context and Relevance of Non-Judicial Execution in the Global Real Estate Scenario
The global real estate scenario has witnessed a growing search for credit recovery mechanisms that combine efficiency with legal certainty.
Non-judicial execution, in particular, has emerged as a fundamental tool to streamline the processes of collecting debts secured by real estate, aiming to de-bureaucratize the judicial system and foster the credit market.
This model, by allowing creditors to recover their assets without the need for prolonged judicial intervention, contrasts with traditional judicial executions, which frequently face slowness and a backlog of cases.
The underlying premise is that a faster and more predictable credit recovery process encourages investment and lending, contributing to the dynamism of the economy.
However, the efficiency inherent in non-judicial procedures brings with it an intrinsic tension: the need to balance speed with the guarantee of fundamental rights of debtors and the prevention of abuses.
Less direct intervention by the Judiciary, although it speeds up the process, can, in theory, open room for the occurrence of frauds and irregularities, requiring legal systems to develop robust safeguards to mitigate such risks.
Study Objective: Comparative Analysis of Frauds and Combat Mechanisms
This study proposes an in-depth analysis of frauds in non-judicial mortgage foreclosures, with a specific focus on document forgery and procedural frauds.
The central objective is to examine how these phenomena manifest and are combated in two distinct, yet relevant, legal systems in the global context: Brazilian Law and North American Law.
Through a comparative approach, the aim is to identify points of convergence and divergence in the doctrines and jurisprudences of both nations, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanisms for preventing and repressing these illicit practices.
The research also seeks to present emblematic cases that illustrate the typologies of fraud and the legal responses adopted, offering a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and best practices in combating fraud within the scope of non-judicial executions.
2. Non-Judicial Execution in Brazilian Law
Legal Basis: Law nº 9.514/1997 and Fiduciary Alienation of Real Estate
In Brazil, the primary legal framework for the non-judicial execution of real estate is Law nº 9.514/1997, which established the fiduciary alienation of real property.
This legal institute represents a transaction by which the debtor, called the fiduciary grantor, temporarily transfers the ownership of a real estate property to the creditor, the fiduciary agent, as a guarantee for an obligation.
The introduction of fiduciary alienation aimed to boost the real estate market and facilitate access to credit, offering creditors a more effective guarantee and a faster execution procedure compared to traditional mortgages, which proved to be slow and less efficient in the face of judicial processes. Fiduciary ownership, being a real right, is only effectively constituted with the registration of the contract in the Real Estate Registry, in accordance with Article 23 of Law nº 9.514/97. This registration is a crucial step for the validity of the contract and its enforceability against third parties.
Essential Procedures for Property Consolidation and Auction
The non-judicial execution procedure under Law nº 9.514/1997 follows well-defined steps.
The first of these is the constitution of fiduciary ownership, which, as mentioned, is completed with the registration of the contract in the Real Estate Registry.
In case of default, the fiduciary creditor must promote the intimation of the debtor (fiduciary grantor) so that the latter cures the default. This intimation, which must be personal, is carried out by the official of the competent Real Estate Registry, granting the debtor a period of fifteen days to pay the overdue debt, interest, penalties, contractual and legal charges, in addition to collection and intimation expenses. The requirement for personal intimation of the debtor regarding the date of the non-judicial auction is an essential requirement, and its absence can lead to the nullity of the procedure.
The strict requirement for personal intimation of the debtor, although a fundamental safeguard of due process, represents a point of vulnerability for the occurrence of procedural frauds. The purpose of this intimation is to ensure that the debtor has unequivocal knowledge of the debt and the imminence of execution, allowing them to exercise their right to cure the default.
However, this step can be exploited by malicious agents who try to frustrate the notification, for example, by hiding or providing incorrect addresses.
Brazilian jurisprudence, as demonstrated by decisions of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ), has been rigorous in demanding compliance with this requirement, invalidating the non-judicial execution procedure in case of defects in the intimation.
A notable example is the decision that considered null the notification that contained the name of a person other than the actual fiduciary creditor, demonstrating the high precision required and the importance of correct identification of the parties. The non-materialization of personal intimation due to the debtor's concealment, for example, requires the creditor to promote notification through judicial means. The understanding that defects in notification can lead to the nullity of the process demonstrates that, despite being a non-judicial procedure, fiduciary execution is subject to strict judicial control regarding the observance of the debtor's fundamental rights.
If the default is not cured within the legal period, the property is consolidated in the name of the fiduciary creditor. After consolidation, the property is taken to public auction for alienation and satisfaction of the debt.
It is important to note that, although judicial actions may be filed to question procedural aspects, such as the regularity of the intimation, controversies about contractual stipulations or other procedural requirements after the consolidation of fiduciary ownership tend to be resolved in losses and damages and, as a rule, do not prevent the creditor's repossession.
This limitation on judicial review post-consolidation reflects the legislative intent to provide speed and security to the fiduciary creditor. The practical consequence of this orientation is that, for a debtor to effectively avoid the loss of the property due to fraud, judicial intervention must preferably occur before or during the intimation and property consolidation phases.
Once the property is consolidated, reversing the situation becomes significantly more challenging, which underlines the need for early detection and proactive legal action against any fraudulent schemes.
Debates on Constitutionality and the Jurisprudence of the STF and STJ
The constitutionality of the non-judicial execution procedure of Law nº 9.514/1997 was the subject of intense debates in Brazil, especially in relation to the principles of due process, the inviolability of jurisdiction, ample defense, and contradictory proceedings. It was argued that the absence of judicial intervention in the debtor's patrimonial execution could constitute a form of self-help, repudiated by the Democratic Rule of Law.
However, the Supreme Federal Court (STF) settled the matter on October 26, 2023, when judging RE 860.631/SP (General Repercussion Theme 982). The Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of the non-judicial execution procedure of the fiduciary alienation clause as a guarantee, recognizing its compatibility with the procedural guarantees provided for in the Federal Constitution. This decision is a milestone, as it consolidates the legal certainty of the fiduciary alienation institute in the country, reinforcing the validity of a mechanism that aims for efficiency in the recovery of real estate credits.
3. Fraud Against Execution and Procedural Frauds in Brazil
Legal Concept of Fraud Against Execution (Art. 792 of the CPC)
In Brazilian civil procedural law, fraud against execution is a legal institute that aims to protect the effectiveness of jurisdictional activity and the satisfaction of the plaintiff's credit. Article 792 of the Civil Procedure Code (CPC) establishes the conditions under which the alienation or encumbrance of an asset is considered fraud against execution. This occurs, for example, when an action based on a real right is pending on the asset with registration in the public registry, when the pendency of an execution process is registered in the asset's record, or when, at the time of alienation, an action capable of reducing the debtor to insolvency was pending against the debtor.
The main consequence of fraud against execution is the ineffectiveness of the alienation act in relation to the plaintiff. This means that, although the legal transaction itself is not null or voidable, it does not produce effects against the creditor, allowing the asset to be reached by the execution as if the transfer had not occurred.
Crucial Distinction between Fraud Against Execution and Fraud Against Creditors
It is fundamental to differentiate fraud against execution from fraud against creditors. Fraud against creditors, provided for in the Civil Code, affects the private interests of creditors and occurs before the initiation of a judicial execution process. For its invalidation, a specific action, the pauliana action, is necessary, which seeks to annul the fraudulent legal transaction and reconstitute the debtor's patrimony for the purpose of satisfying the credit.
On the other hand, fraud against execution violates the State's own jurisdictional activity and occurs during an ongoing condemnation or execution process. Its effect is not the annulment of the act, but rather its ineffectiveness before the plaintiff, regardless of a specific annulment or declaratory action. Furthermore, fraud against execution does not necessarily depend on the debtor's state of insolvency, unlike fraud against creditors.
Requirements for Recognizing Fraud: Registration of Attachment and Proof of Bad Faith (Súmula 375 of the STJ)
Brazilian jurisprudence, especially that of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ), consolidated the understanding of the requirements for recognizing fraud against execution through Súmula 375. This súmula establishes that "the recognition of fraud against execution depends on the registration of the attachment of the alienated asset or proof of bad faith of the third-party acquirer".
If the pendency of the execution process or the attachment of the asset is registered in the public record (property matrícula), the knowledge of the third-party acquirer is absolutely presumed and, consequently, the occurrence of fraud. In this scenario, the acquirer cannot claim good faith.
However, if there is no prior registration of the attachment or the action in the property's matrícula, the presumption is of good faith of the third-party acquirer. In these cases, the burden of proof of bad faith falls on the creditor. This means that the creditor must demonstrate that the third-party acquirer had knowledge of the demand capable of leading the alienating party to insolvency.
Despite the general rule of Súmula 375, the STJ's jurisprudence has shown a notable evolution, introducing important nuances. In more recent decisions, the transfer of property by the debtor to a minor descendant, which renders them insolvent, is characterized as fraud against execution by presumption of the debtor's bad faith, regardless of a pending execution or attachment registered in the real estate matrícula, or even proof of the descendant's bad faith. This approach reflects a prioritization of combating asset shielding within the family unit, recognizing that the nature of the transaction itself, when it results in the debtor's insolvency, may be sufficient to configure fraud. The court, in doing so, emphasizes that the debtor's intent to defraud the execution, by transferring assets to a minor descendant, is the crucial element, and not the descendant's eventual knowledge. This interpretation represents an adaptation of the doctrine of fraud against execution to face more sophisticated asset evasion tactics, giving greater effectiveness to credit protection.
Another important nuance lies in the interpretation of the moment the fraud occurs. Although the general rule of the STJ (Súmula 375 and precedents like ) suggests that alienation only constitutes fraud against execution if it occurs after the debtor's citation, a case judged by the Regional Labor Court of Minas Gerais (TRT-MG) recognized fraud even when the sale of the property to a close family member (sister) occurred after the filing of the labor lawsuit, but before the final judgment of the condemnation. This case illustrates that, in specific contexts or branches of law (such as labor law), the analysis of fraud may consider the subjective element of bad faith and the relationship between the parties, even if the formality of citation in an execution process has not yet been completed. This demonstrates that, while procedural rules are important, the substance of the transaction and the intent to harm the creditor can be decisive, especially in situations of family transfers, which can lead to contextually distinct applications of the doctrine of fraud against execution.
Typologies of Frauds in Non-Judicial Executions: Document Forgery, Simulation of Acts, Concealment of Assets
Frauds in non-judicial executions in Brazil manifest in various forms, with emphasis on document forgery and the simulation of legal acts.
Document forgery is a common method for perpetrating frauds. This includes the use of forged signatures in contracts , the presentation of false public certificates , or documents containing altered seals and stamps. A concrete example of the seriousness of this practice was a case judged by TRT-2, in which third-party embargos were rejected and the embargants condemned for bad faith litigation due to the use of false documents (forged signatures and altered notary seals) to shield a property from labor execution. The decision not only imposed a fine but also forwarded the case to the Public Ministries for investigation of crimes, highlighting the severe legal consequences of such acts. The ease of forging identity documents was also mentioned in judicial sentences, indicating a persistent challenge.
The simulation of legal acts is another frequent typology, where debtors simulate sales or transfers of assets (often to relatives or close friends) with the aim of appearing insolvent or removing assets from their patrimony, even if the underlying transaction is not real. A notorious case involved the STJ's decision that allowed the attachment of a family property, even without formal mortgage registration, after the transfer of the asset to a close friend of the debtor in a situation of insolvency. The court recognized fraud against creditors, prioritizing the fight against fraud over the protection of family property. Similarly, TRT-MG considered the sale of a property to the debtor's sister as fraud against execution, evidencing the lack of good faith in the transaction.
Frauds in intimation and auction are also critical points. Law nº 9.514/97 requires personal intimation of the debtor to cure the default and to be aware of the auction date. Frauds can occur through attempts to conceal the debtor to avoid intimation, or through intentional failures in notification. Jurisprudence has been clear in determining the nullity of the procedure in case of lack of personal intimation of the debtor about the date, place, and time of the auction.
The "non-judicial" nature of the procedure, although designed to streamline the process, inherently reduces direct judicial supervision at each stage. This means that phases such as intimation, publication of edicts, and the conduct of the auction, which in a judicial process would be monitored by a judge, become more susceptible to manipulation. The effectiveness of the system, therefore, crucially depends on the robustness of the regulatory frameworks governing the actions of notaries and registrars, as well as the constant vigilance of the parties involved. The integrity of the non-judicial process, thus, rests on the diligence of these agents and the ability of those affected to identify and challenge irregularities.
Analysis of Relevant Jurisprudential Cases of Document Forgery and Procedural Frauds
The analysis of jurisprudential cases illustrates the application of fraud concepts and combat mechanisms in Brazil:
Forgery of Signature in Mortgage: The STJ, when analyzing an appeal that requested the annulment of a mortgage made with a false signature, decided for the nullity of the alienation of the real estate property part of the conjugal society without the wife's approval, even if the forgery was proven in a subsequent criminal process. The decision reinforces that legal acts based on falsity are null from their origin, and res judicata does not prevent the declaration of nullity of a title vitiated in its formation.
Defect in the Fiduciary Creditor's Notification: The Fourth Panel of the STJ recognized the nullity of a notification for the constitution in default of the fiduciary debtor of a property when it contained the name of a person other than the actual fiduciary creditor. The Court emphasized that any defect in the content of the notification, especially a gross error such as the exchange of the notifying person, is capable of rendering its effects null, given the repercussion of the notification in the procedure.
Use of False Documents in Third-Party Embargos: A case from TRT-2 revealed the use of falsified purchase and sale contracts, with altered signatures and notary seals, in third-party embargos to try to shield a property from execution. The court not only rejected the embargos and maintained the attachment but also applied a fine for bad faith litigation and notified the Public Ministries for criminal investigation, demonstrating the judiciary's intolerance of procedural fraud.
Transfer of Property to Minor Descendant: The STJ, in a unanimous decision, considered that the transfer of property by the debtor to a minor daughter, which renders them insolvent, characterizes fraud against execution, regardless of attachment registration or proof of the daughter's bad faith. Minister Nancy Andrighi, rapporteur, highlighted that the crucial point is the debtor's bad faith in trying to shield assets within their own family.
These cases demonstrate the vigilance of the Brazilian judiciary regarding frauds that seek to distort the execution process, whether by document forgery or by simulating acts to conceal assets.
4. The Non-Judicial Foreclosure Process in the United States
General Overview and Legal Basis (Deeds of Trust and Power of Sale)
In the United States, the mortgage foreclosure process varies significantly among states, and can be judicial or non-judicial. Non-judicial foreclosure is permitted in many states and is based on the existence of a "power-of-sale" clause within the mortgage contract or, more commonly, a deed of trust. This clause grants the creditor or a third party (the trustee) the authority to sell the property in case of default, without the need for prior judicial action.
The primary advantage of non-judicial foreclosure is its speed and lower cost compared to the judicial route, as it dispenses with court litigation. However, for it to be valid, the process is strictly regulated by state laws, which establish specific procedures and deadlines that must be strictly followed.
Procedural Steps: Notice of Default, Notice of Sale, and Public Auction
The non-judicial foreclosure process in the U.S. generally follows a standardized sequence of steps:
Pre-Foreclosure Contact: Before formally initiating foreclosure, the lender or the company that manages the mortgage account (servicer) must attempt to contact the debtor to discuss options to avoid foreclosure, such as loan modifications or payment plans. The servicer must designate a contact person for the debtor during the process.
Recording of Notice of Default (NOD): Thirty days after the initial contact without a resolution plan being agreed upon, the lender can record a Notice of Default in the county where the property is located. This recording marks the formal and public start of the foreclosure process. The debtor receives a copy of this notice by certified mail within 10 business days and generally has 90 days to "cure" the default, i.e., pay the amount due. This period can be used to negotiate loan modifications or payment plans.
Recording of Notice of Sale (NOS): After the 90-day period to cure the default, if the debt is not paid, a Notice of Sale is recorded. This notice informs that the trustee will sell the property at auction in 21 days. The Notice of Sale must be sent to the debtor by certified mail, published weekly in a newspaper of general circulation in the county for three consecutive weeks before the sale date, and posted on the property and in a public place (usually at the local courthouse). It must contain the date, time, and location of the auction, the property address, the trustee's name and contact, and a statement that the property will be sold at a public auction.
Public Auction: At least 21 days after the Notice of Sale is recorded, the property can be sold at a public auction. The winning bidder must pay the full amount immediately in cash or cashier's check. The creditor usually bids the amount of the outstanding balance plus foreclosure costs. If no one else bids, the property is transferred to the creditor.
The detailed and statutory nature of non-judicial foreclosure procedures in the U.S. implies that any deviation or error by the creditor or servicer can be used as a basis for a "wrongful foreclosure" action. This elevates strict procedural compliance from a mere formality to a crucial defense mechanism for homeowners. In the absence of direct judicial supervision at each stage, the validity of the process depends entirely on the creditor's meticulous adherence to legal requirements. Consequently, failure to precisely follow these steps, whether by error or intentional manipulation, provides a robust basis for the debtor to contest the foreclosure, transforming rigorous compliance with the law into a powerful tool to protect the homeowner's rights.
5. Frauds and Irregularities in Non-Judicial Foreclosures in the USA
Common Typologies of Mortgage Fraud
In the United States, mortgage fraud is a complex crime that encompasses a variety of illegal schemes involving the falsification of mortgage documents and other deceptive practices. The most common typologies include:
Fraud for Housing: Occurs when the borrower provides false, inaccurate, or incomplete information to qualify for a loan or obtain better terms in purchasing a property.
Fraud for Profit: Involves real estate professionals (brokers, real estate agents, appraisers, lawyers) who commit fraud to extract money from a transaction or property.
Foreclosure Rescue Scams: Fraudulent companies target financially distressed homeowners with false promises of help, often demanding upfront payments or attempting to get homeowners to transfer their deeds. Warning signs include demanding upfront payment, guaranteeing success, requesting transfer of title or incomprehensible documents, and high-pressure sales tactics.
Specific Schemes:
Property Flipping: Inflated appraisal of a property and its rapid resale.
Fraudulent Documentation: Use of altered pay stubs, fake loan applications, or other deceptive documents to obtain money.
Straw Buyers: Use of a "straw man's" identity (a third party's name and credit history) to acquire a property, without intent to live in it, allowing a scammer to appropriate loan proceeds and the property to be foreclosed later.
Identity Theft: Use of a person's data without their knowledge to obtain a mortgage.
Equity Skimming: An investor uses a straw buyer, fake credit reports, and fraudulent income documentation to obtain a mortgage in the straw buyer's name. After closing, the straw buyer transfers the property to the investor, who makes no further payments but profits from rent until foreclosure.
Document Forgery and Procedural Frauds
The 2008 mortgage crisis in the U.S. revealed large-scale fraudulent practices, especially related to documentation and foreclosure procedures:
The "Robo-signing" Phenomenon: This term describes the mass production of false and forged executions of mortgage assignments, satisfactions, affidavits, and other legal documents related to mortgage foreclosures, by people without actual knowledge of the content. Frequently, this involved notary fraud, with notaries pre- or post-notarizing affidavits, or signing documents with false titles or forged signatures.
The emergence of "robo-signing" was a direct consequence of the growth of the secondary mortgage market and securitization. The securitization model, where mortgage loans are pooled and sold as investment securities, removed the risk of loss from the loan originators, thereby decreasing the incentive for rigorous analysis of mortgage applications and documentation. This decoupling between loan origination and default risk created a systemic vulnerability, where the volume of transactions and speed surpassed due diligence. The massive scale of operations and the fragmented chain of title of loans created an environment conducive to shortcuts, such as "robo-signing," which compromised the integrity of the legal title chain and the foreclosure process. The widespread revelation of this practice during the 2008 crisis exposed a systemic failure in the securitization model when not accompanied by adequate regulation, resulting in significant financial and social costs. Although "robo-signing" itself is not illegal, the associated forgery and notary fraud are crimes.
Auction Manipulation (Bid-Rigging): Cases were identified where conspirators agreed to suppress competition in public foreclosure auctions, carrying out bid-rigging schemes, making payments for others not to bid, and conducting secret second auctions open only to members of the conspiracy. These practices aimed to obtain properties at artificially low prices.
Notification Frauds: Although the non-judicial foreclosure process requires strict and specific notifications , fraudulent companies exploit public default records to identify and target vulnerable homeowners with foreclosure rescue scams, promising help that never materializes.
Emblematic Cases and the Legacy of the 2008 Mortgage Crisis
The 2008 mortgage crisis and the subsequent revelation of "robo-signing" led the largest U.S. creditors, such as JPMorgan Chase, Ally Financial, and Bank of America, to suspend judicial and non-judicial foreclosures nationwide.
A significant milestone was the National Mortgage Settlement (NMS) of 2012. This historic agreement, valued at US$ 26 billion, was signed between the U.S. federal government, 49 states, and the five largest mortgage servicers (Ally/GMAC, Bank of America, Citi, JPMorgan Chase, and Wells Fargo). The NMS required servicers to provide relief to distressed homeowners and make direct payments to states and the federal government. Additionally, it imposed 305 new mortgage servicing standards to combat abuses such as "robo-signing".
Court cases also illustrate the invalidation of foreclosures based on fraudulent documents:
Forged Deeds/Invalid Mortgages: The case GMAC Mtg. Corporation v. Chan demonstrated that a property deed based on forgery or obtained by false pretenses is void from its inception, and any mortgage based on such title is equally invalid. This precedent emphasizes the fundamental importance of the authenticity of the underlying property title for the validity of any mortgage guarantee.
Invalid Lien Instruments: A case in Maryland resulted in the annulment of a mortgage foreclosure because the note and deed of trust were invalid and unenforceable, for example, due to forged documents. The decision reaffirmed that mortgage foreclosure is an equitable procedure that requires the presentation of true and accurate lien instruments.
These examples demonstrate the seriousness with which North American courts treat documentary and procedural integrity in mortgage foreclosures, especially after the lessons of the 2008 crisis.
6. Legal Remedies and Mechanisms to Combat Fraud
In Brazil
The Brazilian legal system offers a range of remedies and mechanisms to combat frauds in non-judicial executions, seeking to protect the rights of debtors and the integrity of the process.
Actions for Annulment of Auction/Procedure: The debtor can file lawsuits to annul the entire non-judicial execution procedure, especially in cases of fundamental defects, such as the lack of adequate personal intimation about the auction date. The jurisprudence of the STJ and state courts has been firm in recognizing the nullity of the auction and the procedure if the debtor is not personally intimated of its realization.
Third-Party Embargos: This is a procedural instrument used by third parties who are not part of the execution but whose assets are unduly seized or threatened with seizure. It is frequently used to allege good faith in the acquisition of an asset or to contest fraudulent transfers, as in the case where an attempt was made to shield a property with false documents.
Pauliana Action (Revocatory Action): This is the specific legal remedy to annul acts performed in fraud against creditors, aiming to restore the debtor's patrimony to its state prior to the fraudulent act so that creditors can satisfy their credits.
Actions for Nullity due to Intimation Defect or Document Forgery: In addition to the annulment of the auction, it is possible to seek the declaration of nullity of specific contracts or procedural acts that contain incurable defects, such as forged signatures or other material forgeries. The STJ's jurisprudence, for example, has already declared the nullity of a notification due to an error in the fiduciary creditor's name.
Criminal Actions: The forgery of public or private documents, as well as other fraudulent conduct in the context of executions, can constitute crimes and lead to the initiation of criminal proceedings, with the appropriate criminal sanctions.
In the USA
In the United States, mechanisms to combat fraud in non-judicial foreclosures are mostly reactive, requiring debtor proactivity.
Actions for "Wrongful Foreclosure": In states that allow non-judicial foreclosure, homeowners who allege fraud or irregularities must, as a rule, initiate their own lawsuit to contest the foreclosure. This usually involves requesting a temporary restraining order - TRO, a preliminary injunction, and, finally, a permanent injunction to prevent or reverse the foreclosure. The particularity of this system is that the burden of proof falls on the homeowner to demonstrate that the foreclosure was wrongful.
Common defenses include arguments based on: statute of limitations, legally defective affidavits or declarations (often related to "robo-signing"), invalid mortgage assignments, and violations of mortgage servicing rules. The need for the homeowner to initiate the action and bear the burden of proof in non-judicial foreclosure differs significantly from states with judicial foreclosure, where the creditor initiates the process and has the burden of proving default and the right to foreclose. This difference imposes a greater burden on the homeowner, who needs to be proactive and have access to legal resources, which can create a barrier to justice for individuals with fewer resources, a factor that can be exploited by fraudsters.
Injunctions: Courts can grant injunctions to temporarily or permanently suspend a foreclosure if the homeowner can demonstrate irreparable harm and a likelihood of success on the merits of the case.
Damages for "Wrongful Foreclosure": If successful in the action, homeowners can receive financial compensation for losses in property value, emotional distress, and, in some cases, punitive damages if the creditor acted fraudulently or in bad faith.
Bankruptcy Proceedings: Filing for bankruptcy can automatically suspend pending foreclosures (automatic stay). In certain situations, the bankruptcy trustee can annul fraudulent transfers, including non-judicial foreclosure sales, if the price obtained did not represent a "reasonable equivalent value".
Federal Enforcement Actions: Agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Department of Justice (DOJ) investigate and prosecute mortgage fraud cases, including auction manipulation and large-scale fraudulent schemes.
National Mortgage Settlement (NMS): Although a past event, the NMS represents a significant regulatory response to systemic fraud, imposing new servicing standards and providing relief to homeowners. Its legacy continues to influence current practices and regulatory expectations.
7. Comparative Analysis and Conclusions
Parallels and Divergences in Legal and Jurisprudential Approaches
The comparative analysis between Brazil and the United States reveals both similarities and significant divergences in legal and jurisprudential approaches regarding frauds in non-judicial mortgage foreclosures.
Similarities: Both systems seek efficiency in the recovery of debts secured by real estate, recognizing the benefits of non-judicial procedures for the credit market. The importance of adequate debtor notification and the invalidity of transactions based on forged documents are common principles that permeate both jurisdictions. In both countries, there is a combination of statutory procedures and the possibility of judicial review as a last resort to correct abuses.
Differences:
Role of Public Registry: Brazil assigns a central role to the public registry (property matrícula) for the constitution of fiduciary ownership and for the presumption of good faith or bad faith in cases of fraud against execution. In the absence of attachment registration, for example, the burden of proving bad faith shifts to the creditor. In the U.S., although notifications are recorded, the system faced challenges with fragmented chains of title (e.g., MERS) and practices like "robo-signing," which compromised documentary integrity.
Burden of Proof in Contesting Fraud: In Brazil, STJ Súmula 375 establishes that the recognition of fraud against execution depends on the registration of the attachment or proof of bad faith of the third-party acquirer, with the burden of proof falling on the creditor in the absence of registration. However, recent STJ jurisprudence has introduced "objective bad faith" in intra-family transfers (to minor descendants), alleviating the creditor's burden. In the U.S., in non-judicial foreclosures, the homeowner generally has the burden of initiating an action and proving that the foreclosure was wrongful.
Nature of Legal Remedy: Brazilian law distinguishes between annulment (for fraud against creditors) and ineffectiveness (for fraud against execution). In the U.S., "wrongful foreclosure" actions can result in injunctions to suspend foreclosure or in damages.
Types of Systemic Fraud: "Robo-signing" and auction manipulation (bid-rigging) were prominent phenomena in the U.S., driven by the scale and securitization of the mortgage market, leading to major settlements and regulatory reforms. In Brazil, cases tend to focus more on individual document forgeries and simulations of asset transfers to avoid execution.
Effectiveness of Fraud Combat Mechanisms in Both Countries
The effectiveness of fraud combat mechanisms in both countries is a continuous process of adaptation.
In Brazil, the consolidation of Law nº 9.514/97 and the recent STF decision on the constitutionality of non-judicial execution confer greater legal certainty to the institute. The jurisprudential evolution of the STJ, especially the interpretation of Súmula 375 and the introduction of the presumption of bad faith in intra-family transfers , demonstrates an adaptation of the judiciary to curb new forms of asset shielding. The strict requirement of personal intimation and the nullity of the process in case of defects are important safeguards.
In the U.S., the 2008 crisis spurred significant reforms, such as the National Mortgage Settlement , which imposed new servicing standards and sought to remedy "robo-signing" abuses. "Wrongful foreclosure" actions and the actions of federal agencies like the DOJ and FTC are crucial in repression. However, the burden of proof on the homeowner in non-judicial foreclosures can be a challenge for the effectiveness of the defense.
The existence of differences in legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms between Brazil and the U.S., and even among U.S. states, can create opportunities for fraudsters to engage in "regulatory arbitrage." This means that malicious actors may seek jurisdictions with weaker safeguards or regulatory gaps to execute their schemes. The "robo-signing" experience in the U.S. illustrates how systemic vulnerabilities can arise when regulatory oversight does not keep pace with market innovations, such as securitization. This dynamic underscores the imperative need for continuous legal reform and, where applicable, transnational cooperation to prevent fraud from simply migrating to less regulated environments. The constant adaptation of laws and enforcement strategies is crucial to close these loopholes and ensure comprehensive protection against evolving forms of fraud.
Recommendations for Strengthening Legal Certainty and Preventing Frauds
Based on the comparative analysis, some recommendations can be formulated to strengthen legal certainty and prevent frauds in non-judicial mortgage foreclosures:
Improvement of Document Security and Authentication: Investing in digital security technologies and robust authentication systems for public and private documents, such as the Brazilian Public Key Infrastructure (ICP-Brasil) , can hinder forgery and increase traceability. Public education on how to verify the authenticity of documents (e.g., official QR Codes vs. forged ones, as alerted by TJSP ) is equally vital.
Strengthening Regulatory Oversight: Intensify supervision over non-judicial agents (notaries, real estate registrars, mortgage servicers), ensuring they strictly comply with legal and ethical procedures. Continuous training of these professionals to identify and report suspicious activities is fundamental.
Public Awareness and Financial Education: Develop and disseminate awareness campaigns to alert homeowners about the risks of foreclosure rescue scams and the importance of seeking qualified legal advice. Education about rights and duties in real estate financing contracts can empower debtors to identify and react to irregularities.
Interinstitutional and Transnational Cooperation: Promote collaboration between judicial, regulatory, and law enforcement agencies, both nationally and internationally, to share information and strategies for combating fraud. Coordinated efforts can help mitigate regulatory arbitrage and repress criminal networks operating across different jurisdictions.
Periodic Review of Legislation: Keep legislation updated to respond to new modalities of fraud that emerge. The flexibility of the legal system to adapt to new fraudulent tactics is crucial for its long-term effectiveness.
By implementing these recommendations, legal systems can enhance the integrity of non-judicial executions, protecting citizens' rights and ensuring confidence in the real estate market.
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