NEUROSCIENCE OF SPIRITUALITY
ALEXANDRE SERAFIM
Manual of Spirituality, Psychiatry and Mental Health:
Bridges Between Mind and Soul
Pages 56–62
CHAPTER 4
Introduction
We have published prayers from various religions with the intention of helping those who suffer from judicial injustices and the vicissitudes of life.
However, there are many people who still dispute the POWER OF PRAYER, do not recognize the transcendence of the HUMAN BEING, deny the SUPREME wisdom and the POWER OF GOD THE CREATOR FATHER.
They do not understand the Power of FAITH, they do not understand the teachings of Our Lord Jesus Christ, and of His messengers, who have manifested themselves to humanity since the beginning of time, and they live selfishly, as though there were no tomorrow, as though GOD did not exist.
The healings and miracles obtained through PRAYER have always been the subject of investigation and scientific studies.
This scientific article demonstrates the beneficial effects of PRAYER, TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION, and practices aimed at CONNECTING the HUMAN BEING to the CREATOR FATHER and to the legions of Higher Spirituality, which work actively and uninterruptedly to help people and all living beings and the nature of Planet Earth, where we live.
I am publishing it with the intention of strengthening those who have ears to hear and eyes to see, and the humility to ask God and Higher Spirituality for help, so that they may be strengthened and supported in their needs, according to God's will and permission and in accordance with their FAITH, whatever religion they may belong to, or even those who profess no religion.
This is a scientific article, very well substantiated.
Peace and Light!
May the blessings of Our Lord Jesus Christ be poured out upon us!
Amen.
Marcia Almeida
SUMMARY BY CHATGPT AI
The article examines the neurobiological mechanisms associated with spiritual practices, especially prayer and meditation.
It presents research conducted using electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and other investigative methods, addressing the involvement of the prefrontal cortex, the limbic system, the thalamic nuclei, and subcortical structures.
It discusses neuroplasticity, the activity of the autonomic nervous system, and the involvement of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and GABA, as well as oxytocin and cortisol.
The author relates these mechanisms to emotional regulation, stress reduction, and the possibilities of using prayer and meditation as complementary practices in mental health care.
NEUROSCIENCE OF SPIRITUALITY
How does our brain behave in response to spiritual practices? Are there brain areas associated with prayer and meditation? Is the brain capable of producing substances beneficial to health when we enter into meditation or prayer?
Neuroscience research has been obtaining answers to these questions. Currently, we have studies that use electroencephalography (EEG) and functional imaging examinations, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to evaluate brain activity during moments when we seek a connection with what we consider sacred or transcendent.¹⁻³ These studies have demonstrated that there is, in fact, a neural circuit related to spiritual practices, such as prayer and meditation,²,⁴,⁵ which, when activated, can generate well-being and reduce stress.¹,⁶,⁷
During prayer and meditation, a complex neural circuit is activated, mainly involving the following areas:
1. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, directly related to our executive functions, regulation of states of attention and alertness, and control of cognitive functions.⁸,⁹
2. Orbitofrontal cortex and hippocampus, associating the emotional state with the memory process.¹⁰
3. Regions of the insula, whose associations play an important role in the relationship between greater awareness of emotional states and bodily responses.¹⁰
4. Anterior cingulate cortex, important in attentional mechanisms and self-perception, in addition to participating in the regulation of emotional states.⁸,¹¹,¹²
5. Posterior cingulate cortex, associated with improved introspective focus, with a reduction in mind-wandering.⁸,¹³
6. Thalamic nuclei, formed by groups of neurons that establish interconnectivity between the prefrontal cortex, the limbic cortex, the hippocampus, and subcortical structures, such as the cerebral amygdalae.¹⁴,¹⁵
Studies using electroencephalography (EEG) during prolonged meditation observed an increase in beta and gamma waves, mainly in prefrontal areas, in addition to synchronization of brain waves,¹,⁶ these mechanisms being associated with improved attention and emotional state.¹ During moments of prayer, however, EEG recorded an increase in alpha waves in the frontal regions, associated with an increased state of relaxation and decreased sensory perception.¹⁶⁻¹⁸
Research that used functional imaging examinations, through magnetic resonance imaging, during meditative practice and prayer observed greater brain activity in the same areas where changes in electrical activity recorded by EEG occurred.² In addition to mapping a neural circuit, it was possible to establish an association between spirituality and neuroplasticity (the brain's ability to reorganize itself), forming new neural connections.¹⁹
Through studies of brain volumetry, it was observed that the continuous practice of spiritual activities can lead to an increase in brain tissue density, mainly in the gray matter of the prefrontal areas, anterior cingulate, insula, and brainstem, normally related to emotional control and autonomic functions.²,¹⁹ Based on these findings, we can consider that prayer and meditation, through their continuous practice over time and the associated neuroplasticity, may have a therapeutic effect, leading to stress reduction and emotional balance, important factors in combating anxiety and depression.¹⁹⁻²¹ This neuroplasticity can be observed in elderly individuals participating in religious activities, who showed less atrophy of the orbitofrontal cortex, in a study of brain volume using magnetic resonance imaging, compared with elderly individuals who did not practice such activities.²²
Effects on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) were also observed in studies that monitored heart rate and respiratory rate during moments of prayer and meditation.²³ These studies found increased parasympathetic activity and reduced sympathetic activity,²³⁻²⁵ with decreased heart and respiratory rates, muscle relaxation, and a sensation of stillness and lightness.²³,²⁶ Depending on the meditative technique employed, it was possible to voluntarily provoke an increase in catecholamine levels, improving the modulation of the immune response.²⁷,²⁸ This relationship between increased parasympathetic activity and reduced sympathetic activity has proved beneficial, with a calming effect on the body, reducing stress and anxiety levels.²⁶ Thus, we can consider that prayer and meditation have clinical relevance and should be part of treatment plans for generalized anxiety disorder, potentially serving as important means of adjunctive treatment alongside psychotherapy and traditional pharmacological therapy.²⁹
The complexity of the association between brain activity and religious practices arises from the complex relationship between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures, formed by nuclei of neurons that make up the thalamic regions and the basal ganglia;³⁰,³¹ particularly the nucleus accumbens, which is important in the relationship between habits and routines and the sensation of pleasure, playing an important role in the reward system and motivational behavior.³² The interrelationship between these areas and the connectivity of both with the limbic system³³,³⁴ allows integration between the reception of stimuli and the modulation of responses, a fundamental aspect for the development of our cognitive functions and behavioral adjustments.³⁵,³⁶
In this way, between receiving stimuli and producing responses, when it comes to spiritual or religious matters, we have an interconnection between the prefrontal cortex, the limbic cortex, subcortical structures, mainly the cerebral amygdalae, which produce dopamine,¹⁰ and the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, known for its relationship with the production and secretion of oxytocin in the neurohypophysis.⁵ This interconnectivity makes adjustments between affective behavior and executive functions possible,¹⁴,¹⁵ modulating emotion, cognition, and memory.³⁷
The connectivity and relationship among these various brain areas occur because the groups of neurons forming the subcortical and thalamic ganglia and nuclei produce neurotransmitters that are released according to the stimuli received, generating nerve impulses that activate various areas of the cerebral cortex. It is through this process that religious and spiritual practices, including prayer and meditation, as well as gratitude,³⁸ kindness, altruism, and forgiveness, activate and help regulate important neurotransmitter pathways, such as:
1. Dopaminergic pathways, related to the sensation of pleasure and reward, social behavior, and motivation,³⁹ being crucial for mood regulation.⁴⁰,⁴¹ Dysfunction of these pathways is associated with psychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, and drug addiction.⁴²
2. Serotonergic pathways, important pathways for the regulation of mood, sleep, appetite, and cognitive functions.⁴³,⁴⁴ Malfunctioning of this pathway is related to conditions of depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.⁴⁵,⁴⁶
3. The norepinephrine system, whose levels increase during moments of meditation, improving cognitive functions such as working memory, attention, and concentration.⁴⁷
4. GABAergic pathways, important inhibitory neurotransmitters, which may act in the regulatory mechanisms of emotions and cognitive performance.⁴⁸
5. Oxytocin, a neuropeptide synthesized in the hypothalamus that is related to stress reduction and improvement in social bonds, allowing a more positive interrelationship.⁴⁹⁻⁵¹ Its plasma levels rise during moments of prayer and meditation.³,⁵,⁵²
Still regarding stress reduction in practitioners of prayer and meditation, we find, whether through measurements in blood or saliva, reduced levels of cortisol,⁵³ an important biomarker of stress. Studies point to a positive relationship in the reduction of occupational stress or burnout among individuals who have the habit of praying.⁵⁴ The same effect was observed in practitioners of mindfulness.⁵³
Based on all these studies, we currently have very solid scientific foundations for including spiritual practices in the treatment of mental illnesses. Recommending prayer and meditation alongside medical prescriptions moves from the mystical imagination into reality and should become an integral part of the daily practice of healthcare professionals.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
1. Guo X, Wang M, Wang X, Guo M, Xue T, Wang Z, et al. Progressive increase of high-frequency EEG oscillations during meditation is associated with its trait effects on heart rate and proteomics: a study on the Tibetan Buddhist. Cereb Cortex. 2022;32(18):3865-77.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab453
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34974617/
2. Levine GN, Lange RA, Bairey-Merz CN, Davidson RJ, Jamerson K, Mehta PK, et al. Meditation and cardiovascular risk reduction: a scientific statement from American Heart Association. J Am Heart Association. 2017;6(10):e002218.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.002218
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28963100/
3. Newberg AB. The neuroscientific study of spiritual practices. Front Psychol. 2014 Mar;5:215.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00215
Full text: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00215/full
4. Maher C, Tortolero L, Jun S, Cummins DD, Saad A, Young J, et al. Intracranial substrate of meditation – induced neuromodulation in the amygdala and hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025 Feb 11;122(6):e2409423122.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2409423122
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39903119/
5. Mohandas E. Neurobiology of spirituality. Mens Sanc Monographs. 2008;6(1):63-80.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1229.33001
Full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3190564/
6. Jiang H, He B, Guo X, Wang X, Guo M, Wang Z, et al. Brain-Heart Interactions Underlying Traditional Tibetan Buddhist Meditation. Cereb Cortex. 2020;30(2):439-50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz095
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31163086/
7. Sik HH, Skouras S, Gao J, Leung HK, Ng SM, Lee KC, Wu BWY. Religius chanting and self-related brain regions: a multi-modal neuroimaging study. J Vis Exp. 2024;31:207.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3791/66221
Journal: https://www.jove.com/t/66221/religious-chanting-self-related-brain-regions-multi-modal
8. Fox KC, Dixon ML, Nijeboer S, Girn M, Floman JL, Lifshitz M, et al. Functional neuroanatomy of meditation: a review and meta-analysis of 78 functional neuroimaging investigations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016 Jun;65:208-28.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.021
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27032724/
9. Lazar SW, Bush G, Gollub RL, Fricchione GL, Khalsa G, Benson H. Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and meditation. Neuroreport. 2000;11(7):1581-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200005150-00042
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10841380/
10. Fan C, Wu M, Liu H, Chen X, Gao Z, Zhao X, et al. Effects of meditation on neural response to pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;162:105735.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105735
11. Manna A, Raffone A, Perrucci MG, Nardo D, Ferretti A, Tartaro A, et al. Neural correlates of focused attention and cognitive monitoring in meditation. Brain Research Bulletin. 2010;82(1-2):46-56.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.03.001
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20223285/
12. Yeung AWK, Wong NSM, Tsui ISY, Lee TCP. Neural correlates of religious behavior related to Christianity: an ALE meta-analysis. Front Psychol. 2025;16:1557796.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1557796
13. Boccia M, Piccardi L, Guariglia P. The meditative mind: a comprehensive meta-analysis of MRI studies. BioMed Res Internat. 2015;2015:419808.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/419808
Full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4471247/
14. Vertes RP, Linley SB, Hoover WB. Limbic circuitry of midline thalamus. Neurosc Biobehav Rev. 2015;54:89-107.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.014
15. Vertes RP, Linley SB, Rojas AKP. Structural and functional organization of the midline and intralaminar nuclei of thalamus. Front Behav Neurosc. 2022;16:964644.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.964644
16. Barcelona J, Fahlman M, Churakova Y, Canjels R, Mallare J, van del Heuvel MI. Frontal alpha asymmetry during prayerful and resting states: an EEG study in catholic sisters. Int J Psychophysiol. 2020;155:9-15.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.019
17. Perez-Diaz O, Barros-Loscertales A, Schjoedt U, González-Mora J, Rubia K, Suero J, Hernández SE. Monitoring the neural activity associated with praying in Sahaja Yoga meditation. BMC Neurosci. 2023;24(1):61.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-023-00828-x
Full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10642040/
18. Chowdhury A, van Lutterveld R, Laukkonen RE, Slagter HÁ, Ingram DM, Sacchet MD. Investigation of advanced mindfulness meditation “cessation” experiences using EEG spectral analysis in an intensively sampled case study. Neuropsychologia. 2023;190:108694.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108694
19. Lee DJ, Kulubya E, Goldin P, Goodarzi A, Giagis F. Review of neural oscillations underlying meditation. Front Neurosc. 2018;12:178.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00178
20. Yordanova V, Kolev V, Nicolardi V, Simione L, Mauro F, Garberi P, et al. Attention and cognitive monitoring brain networks in long-term meditators depend on meditation states and expertise. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):4909.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84325-3
21. Yordanova V, Nicolardi V, Malinowski P, Simione L, Aglioti SM, Raffone A, Kolev V. EEG oscillations reveal neuroplastic changes in long-term meditation. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):10604.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-94223-7
22. Hayword RD, Owen AD, Koenig HG, Steffers DC, Payne ME. Associations of religious behavior and experiences with extent of regional atrophy in the orbitofrontal cortex during older adults. Religion Brain Behavior. 2011;1(20):103-18.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2011.598328
23. Park C, Youn I, Haw S. Single-lead EEG based autonomic nervous system assessment for meditation monitoring. Sci Reports. 2022;12(1):22513.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27121-x
24. Amihai I, Kozhevnikov M. Arousal vs. relaxation: a comparison of the neurophysiological and cognitive correlates of Vajrayana and Theravada meditative practices. PloS One. 2014;9(7):e102990.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102990
25. Bernardi L, Sleight P, Bardinelli G, Cencetti S, Fattorini L, Wdowczyc-Szulc J, Lagi A. Effects of rosary prayers and yoga mantras on autonomic cardiovascular rhythms: comparative study. BMJ. 2001;323(7327):1446-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1446
26. Doufesh H, Ibrahim F, Ismail NA, Wan Ahmad WA. Effects of Muslim prayer (Salat) on α electroencephalography and its relationship with autonomic nervous system activity. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(7):558-62.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2013.0426
27. Kox M, Stoffels M, Smeekens SP, van Alfer N, Gomes M, Eijsvoegels TMH, et al. The influence of concentration/meditation on autonomic nervous system activity and the innate immune response: a case report. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2012;74(5):489-94.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182583c6d
28. Kox M, Eijk LT, Zwaag J, van den Wildenberg J, Sweep FCGJ, van den Hoeven JG, Pickkers P. Voluntary activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System and attenuation of the innate immune response in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(20):7379-84.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1322174111
29. Qi X, Shen Y, Che X, Wang Y, Luo X, Sun L. The effect of self-compassion versus mindfulness interventions on automatic responses to stress in generalized anxiety disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2025;16:1483827.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1483827
30. Hirsch F, Wohlschlaeger A. Subcortical influences on the topology of cortical networks align with functional processing hierarchies. Neuroimage. 2023;283:120417.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120417
31. Moazeni O, Northoff G, Batouli SAH. The subcortical brain regions influence the cortical areas during resting-state: an fMRI study. Front in Hum Neurosci. 2024;18:1363125.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1363125
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39055533/
32. Satizabal CL, Adams HHH, Hibar DP, White CC, Knol MJ, Stein JL et al. Genetic architectural of subcortical brain structures in 38,851 individuals. Nature Genetics. 2019;51(11):1624-36.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0511-y
Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-019-0511-y
33. Grood W, Kumar VJ, Schulz A, Linding T, Scheffler K. The anterior and medial thalamic nuclei and human limbic system: tracing the structural connectivity using diffusion-weighted imaging. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):10957.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67770-4
34. Wolff M, Alcaraz F, Marchand AR, Coutureau E. Functional heterogeneity of limbic thalamus: from hippocampal to cortical functions. Neurosc Biobehav Rev. 2015;54:120-30.
Bibliographic search: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Functional+heterogeneity+of+limbic+thalamus
35. Cruz KG, Leon YN, Le NM, Adam E, Huda R, Sur M. Cortical-subcortical interactions in goal-directed behavior. Physiological Reviews. 2023;103(1):347-89.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00048.2021
36. Chumin EJ, Faskowitz J, Esfahlani FZ, Jo Y, Merritt H, Tanner J, et al. Cortical-subcortical interactions in overlapping communities of edge functional connectivity. Neuroimage. 2022;250:118971.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118971
37. Zang DX, Bertram EH. Midline thalamic region: widespread excitatory input to the entorhinal cortex and amygdalas. J Neurosc. 2002;22(8):3277-84.
Bibliographic search: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Midline+thalamic+region+entorhinal+cortex+amygdala
38. Fox GR, Kaplan J, Damasio H, Damasio A. Neural correlates of gratitude. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1491.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01491
39. Schiodt U, Stodkilde-Jorgensen H, Geertz AW, Roepstorff A. Rewarding prayers. Neuroscience Letters. 2008;443(3):165-8.
Bibliographic search: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rewarding+prayers
40. Hou G, Hao M, Duan J, Han MH. The formation and function of VTA Dopamine System. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(7):3875.
Bibliographic search: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=The+formation+and+function+of+VTA+Dopamine+System
41. Radwan B, Lin H, Chaudhury D. The role of dopamine in mood disorders and association changes in circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycle. Brain Research. 2019;1713:42-51.
Bibliographic search: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=The+role+of+dopamine+in+mood+disorders+Radwan
42. Garritsen O, van Battum EY, Grossouw LM, Pasterkamp RJ. Development, wiring and function of dopamine neuron subtypes. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2023;24(3):134-53.
Bibliographic search: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Development+wiring+and+function+of+dopamine+neuron+subtypes
43. Shin Y, Kim S, Sohn JW. Serotonergic regulation of appetite and sodium appetite. J Neuroendocrinol. 2023;35(9):e13328.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.13328
44. Wirth A, Holst K, Ponimaskin E. How serotonin receptors regulate morphogenic signalling in neurons. Prog Neurobiol. 2017;151:35-56.
Bibliographic search: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=How+serotonin+receptors+regulate+morphogenic+signalling+in+neurons
45. Povahmmed M, Moravej FG, Arabin M, Shahrinai E, Mehrabi S, Ward R, et al. The roles of serotonin in neuropsychiatric disorders. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 2022;42(6):1671-92.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-021-01064-9
46. Varid-Ansari F, Albert PR. Rewiring of the serotonin system in major depression. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:802581.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.802581
47. Craigmy le NA. The beneficial effects of meditation: contribution of the anterior cingulate and locus coeruleus. Front Psychol. 2013;4:731.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00731
48. Gugliette CL, Daskalakis ZL, Radhu N, Fitzgerald PB, Ritvo P. Brain Stimulation. 2013;6(3):397-402.
Bibliographic search: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Gugliette+Daskalakis+Radhu+Fitzgerald+Ritvo+2013
49. Uvnäs-Moberg K. Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1998;23(8):819-35.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00056-0
50. Uvnäs-Moberg K, Handlin L, Petersson M. Self-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1529.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01529
51. Van Cappelen P, Way BM, Isgett SF, Fredrickson BL. Effects of oxytocin administration on spirituality and emotional responses to meditation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2016;11(10):1579-87.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw078
52. Hoehne K, Vrticka P, Engert V, Singer T. Plasma oxytocin is modulated by mental training, but does not mediate its stress-buffering effects. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2022;141:105734.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105734
53. Rogerson O, Wilding S, Prudenzi A, O’Connor DB. Effectiveness of stress management interventions to change cortisol levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2024;159:106415.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106415
54. Chirico F, Sharma M, Zaffina S, Magnavita N. Spirituality and Prayer on Teacher Stress and Burnout in an Italian Cohort: A Pilot Before-After Controlled Study. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2933.
Nenhum comentário:
Postar um comentário